Wie wäre es einmal mit Dänemark?
Some backgroundThe Royal Danish Air Force (RDAF) was formed as a military service independent from the Army and Navy in 1950 from the merger of the Hærens Flyvertropper (Danish Army Air Corps) originally founded on July 2, 1912 and the Marinens Flyvevæsen (Danish Naval Air Service).
In the 1960s and 1970s the RDAF operated a number of US financed Lockheed F-104G Starfighters, North American F-100D/F Super Sabres, plus several other types, including an export version of the Saab 35 Draken in the ground attack role.
The 70ies brought a major re-structuring of the RDAF: The Hawker Hunter was phased out in 1974, as well as the Republic RF-84F Thunderflash reconnaissance aircraft in 1971. In order to rejuvenate their air forces in the 80ies, the NATO countries Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, and Belgium undertook a joint arms and introduced the General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon as their common fighter-bomber in January 1980. The F-16 was later bought by further NATO countries, Greece and Turkey, and the United States of America, also a NATO member, operates the F-16, too.
As the F-16 deal was closed in the late 70ies it became clear that the Danish aging F-100 fleet and the limited number of Saab Draken (locally designated F-35) would leave a serious gap in the country's defense in the mid-80ies, esp. against ground and sea intruders. Additionally, the F-104G fleet was also about to reach its service life end, so Denmark decided to fill this gap with upgrades of existing types and the introduction of an interim fighter bomber.
One of the results was the WDNS (Weapon Delivery and Navigation System) update for the Danish Saab 35 Draken fleet. In the early 1980s all aircraft (a total of 51 was operated by the RDAF) received a Marconi 900 Series HUD and a Ferranti LRMTS (laser rangefinder and marked target seeker) in a characteristic nose fairing that resembled the photo recce version of the Saab 35, and an ALQ-162 jammer.
In parallel, Denmark bought a batch of IAI Kfir fighter bombers from Israel in 1978. The Israel Aircraft Industries Kfir (Hebrew: כְּפִיר, "Lion Cub") was an Israeli-built all-weather, multirole combat aircraft based on a heavily modified French Dassault Mirage 5 airframe, with Israeli avionics and an Israeli-made version of the General Electric J79 turbojet engine. The Kfir entered service with the IAF in 1975 in the C.1 version, but the updated C.2 with canard foreplanes and "dogtoothed" leading edges on the wings for better maneuverability followed soon.
The export aircraft for Denmark were basically of C.2 standard, but the RDAF had these aircraft further modified and brought up to the Drakens’ WDNS standard. This modification gave the Danish Kfirs a true all-weather ground attack capability, which was superior to the Drakens’ potential in many ways.
The latter were only capable of carrying outdated and rather unreliable AGM-12 Bullpup AGMs, as well as iron bombs or pods with unguided rockets. The modified Kfirs (locally designated F-21D and nicknamed 'Løve' (= Lion, as a translation of the type’s original name and hinting at a ‘more mature’ version), were not only able to carry state-of-the-art smart weapons like the AGM-65 Maverick or various HOBOS and Paveway guided bombs, they were also able to carry external sensor equipment like a TISEO (Target Identification System Electro-Optical), FLIR (Forward Looking Infra Red) or LANTIRN (Low Altitude Navigation and Targeting Infrared for Night) pod. This offered, together with the LRMTS in the nose, a true and very flexible all-weather strike capability. Furthermore, the RDAF F-21Ds were able to carry more powerful electronic countermeasures which would significantly improve the type's survivability in hostile environment.
Most significant external difference of the Danish Kfir to its Israeli C.2 brethren was a modified nose with a stepped shape, similar to the updated Draken fighter bombers – the Kfir’s original, telemetric Elta Systems radar was omitted. Another modification for Denmark was an integral ALQ-162 jammer and an ALR-69 radar warning system, housed in a characteristic pod on top of the fin.
Less obvious changes included a beefed-up landing gear with an anti-brake system, night formation lights to NATO standard, a new Martin Baker ejection seat, a modern glass cockpit (with HMD capability and two 127×177mm MFDs) and the avionics to carry and deploy various guided weapons.
Even though the F-21Ds had an excellent rate of climb and top speed, and were able to carry up to six AIM-9 Sidewinder AAMs and retained their 30mm cannons, they were exclusively used in the ground attack/fighter bomber role. They replaced the last F-100D in Danish service at Eskadrille 727 and 730, relieving the F-35 fleet during the update measures and also filling gaps in the F-104G ranks, as some aircraft had been lost in accidents. The RDAF retired their Starfighters in 1986, being replaced by F-16 in the interceptor role.
Being just a gap-filler, though, the Løve only had an active service career of 12 years in the RDAF. It was gradually taken away from front line service from 1990 on, as more and more brand new F-16 became available. By this time, the F-21D fleet had also already been reduced to 16 aircraft through several flight accidents and engine failures. The last Danish Kfir/Løve was finally retired together with the Danish Saab 35 fleet in 1993. The remaining aircraft were returned to Israel, where they were partly stored and partly revamped to c.7 standard and sold to other foreign customers like Sri Lanka.
General characteristicsCrew: One
Length (incl. pitot): 15.73 m (51 ft 6 1/4 in)
Wingspan: 8.22 m (26 ft 11½ in)
Height: 4.61 m (14 ft 11 3/4 in)
Wing area: 34.8 m² (374.6 sq ft)
Empty weight: 7,285 kg (16,060 lb)
Loaded weight: 11,603 kg (25,580 lb) two 500 L drop tanks, two AAMs
Max. take-off weight: 16,200 kg (35,715 lb)
Powerplant1× General Electric J-79-J1E turbojet (IAl Bedek-built) with a dry thrust of 52.9 kN (11,890 lb st) and 79.62 kN (17,900 lb st) with afterburner
PerformanceMaximum speed: 2,440 km/h (2 Mach, 1,317 knots, 1,516 mph) above 11,000 m (36,000 ft)
Combat radius: 768 km (415 nmi, 477 mi) in ground attack configuration, hi-lo-hi profile, seven 500 lb bombs, two AAMs, two 1,300 L drop tanks)
Service ceiling: 17,680 m (58,000 ft)
Rate of climb: 233 m/s (45,950 ft/min)
Armament2× Rafael-built 30 mm (1.18 in) DEFA 553 cannons, 140 rounds/gun under the air intakes
7× external hardpoints under the wings and fuselage for up to 5,775 kg (12,730 lb) of payload, including unguided air-to-ground rockets, AIM-9 Sidewinder AAMs; AGM-45 Shrike ARMs, AGM-65 Maverick ASMs, Mark 80 series bombs, Paveway series of LGBs, CBUs, BLU-107 Matra Durandal, reconnaissance pods, drop tanks or other tactical equipment like sensor pods.
Zum ModellEin spontanes Project – angestoßen von einem resin-Detail-Set von Pavla für dänische Saab 35 Draken. Primär war da ein Cockpit enthalten, aber auch eine neue Nase mit dem charakteristischen “Meissel”-Bug für den nachgerüsteten Laser-EM. Ob man den nicht „an etwas anderes schrauben könnte…?”
Weiterer Faktor war, dass ich schon lange eine typische, komplett grüne Maschine der dänischen Luftwaffe aus den 70er bauen wollte - aber nix Originales, weil es doch reichlich dröge aussieht.
Beim Stöbern bin ich auf die IAI Kfir gestoßen, die in den 70ern von den Bändern rollte. Die Nase sollte auch passen… also schnappte ich mir eine Italeri Kfir C.7 und baute die Kiste konsequent zum Allwetter-Jabo um.
Zur WDNS-Nase kamen noch weitere Details wie Sensoren-Pods, einige Antennen und Pitot-Rohre, zus. Pylone und vier AGM-65 als Ladung – auch als Kontrast zur olivgrünen Kiste.
Der Originalton nennt sich Dark Green "SM/67", sehr eigentümlich und mit der Tendenz (vor allem der frühen, matten Anstriche) rasend schnell auszubleichen – bei den F-100 kam am Heck noch Hitze dazu, die das Grün teilweise in ein rötliches Ocker(!) verwandelten. Später wurden die Maschinen mit einem glänzenden Finish versehen, was den Verfall effektiv stoppte – aber auch komisch aussieht?!
Einen guten Farbton zu finden war knifflig. In Bauplänen wird oft FS 34079 empfohlen, aber das ist definitive zu “grün” und zu hell. SM/67 ist oliv-farbener – RAL 6014 (Gelboliv/Revell 46) kommt nahe, ist aber zu braun.
Ich bin durch Zufall bei den neuen RLM-Frabtönen von Humbrol fündig geworden: Humbrol 253, RLM 83, past wunderbar zwischen alle Fronten und sieht auch sehr eigentümlich aus. Dies ist denn auch der Grundton geworden, der aber mit Dry-Brushing stark nachbearbeitet wurde – wobei ich vor den (neuen) Farben warne, denn 253 war ganz übel per Pinsel zu verarbeiten!
Verwittert wurdfe mit Humbrol 166 und 155, mit Graphit kam Dreck an Treibwerk und Kanonen, ein dünnes Washing mit schwarzer Tinte hat Details hervorgehoben – was bei der grobporigen 253-Oberfläche sehr gut auch auf den großen Flächen funktioniert hat.
Das Fahrwerk wurde klassisch weiß und auch mit schwarzer Tinte behandelt; das Cockpit is schlicht grau, und ein Matchbox-Pilot kam hinein.
Die Aufkleber kommen von einem Xtradecal-Sheet für F-100, viele Warnhinweise etc. vom originalen Kfir-Bogen.
Zum Schluss wurde alles unter mattem Acryl-Lack versiegelt.